Taking the Bible to be a reliable record of what He said (for the sake of this question), what Biblical passages illustrate Jesus literally saying He was God?
Yes : Jesus is the son of God. He is the eternal, all-powerful, all-loving, self-existent Creator God.
Jesus Declared His Identity As God.
There are many occasions on which Jesus states his identity.
John 17:3; And this is the way to have eternal life–to know you, the only true God, and Jesus Christ, the one you sent to earth.
John 10:30, “I and the Father are one.”
John 8:51-59 Jesus says
John 8:58 “Before Abraham was, I am”
This is a clear reference to the name of God. Even if there were any doubt that this is the reference the reaction of the Pharisees clearly indicates that (in their eyes) this is a blasphemous claim for they thought by saying this, He equates himself with God.
Matthew 9:1-7 Jesus claims to forgive sins, which the local officials (correctly) believed to be the perogative of God only.
Thomas the apostle calls Jesus “My Lord and My God”, which Jesus does not correct or deny.
Also, we see this in John
John 14:9b, 10a
… Anyone who has seen me has seen the Father… Don’t you believe that I am in the Father, and that the Father is in me?
- Jesus explicitly calls himself the Son of God here Matthew 26:
Matthew 26:63a-64b
The high priest said to him, “I charge you under oath by the living God: Tell us if you are the Messiah, the Son of God.”
Jesus replied “What you have said is true.”
Jesus claimed to be the Son of God.
John 10:36:
what about the one whom the Father set apart as his very own and sent into the world? Why then do you accuse me of blasphemy because I said, ‘I am God’s Son’?
Mark 14:61-62:
61 But Jesus remained silent and gave no answer. Again the high priest asked him, “Are you the Messiah, the Son of the Blessed One?” 62 “I am,” said Jesus. “And you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Mighty One and coming on the clouds of heaven.”
Jesus is worshiped by people in His lifetime
In Revelation, an angel instructed the apostle John to only worship God (Revelation 19:10). Several times in Scripture Jesus receives worship (Matthew 2:11; 14:33; 28:9, 17; Luke 24:52; John 9:38). He never rebukes people for worshiping Him. If Jesus were not God, He would have told people to not worship Him, just as the angel in Revelation did.
In these verses Jesus Himself declares it:
John 8:58 Jesus said to them, “I tell you the solemn truth, before Abraham came into existence, I am!”
Jews who heard this statement responded by taking up stones to kill Him for blasphemy, as the Mosaic Law commanded (Leviticus 24:16).
John 10:35 If those people to whom the word of God came were called ‘gods’ (and the scripture cannot be broken), 10:36 do you say about the one whom the Father set apart and sent into the world, ‘You are blaspheming,’ because I said, ‘I am the Son of God’?
Then take for example Jesus’ words in John 10:30, “I and the Father are one.” We need only to look at the Jews’ reaction to His statement to know He was claiming to be God. They tried to stone Him for this very reason: “You, a mere man, claim to be God” (John 10:33). The Jews understood exactly what Jesus was claiming—deity. When Jesus declared, “I and the Father are one,” He was saying that He and the Father are of one nature and essence.
Here Jesus accept this salutation from Thomas for otherwise He would have rebuked Thomas.
John 20:28 Thomas replied to him, “My Lord and my God!”
Jesus affirm that He is Son of God:
Matt. 8:29 They cried out, “Son of God, leave us alone! Have you come here to torment us before the time?”
Mark 3:11 And whenever the unclean spirits saw him, they fell down before him and cried out, “You are the Son of God.” 3:12 But he sternly ordered them not to make him known.
And in this verse, John clearly states that Jesus is true God.
1 John 5:20 And we know that the Son of God has come and has given us insight to know him who is true, and we are in him who is true, in his Son Jesus Christ. This one is the true God and eternal life.
Jesus Said He is the Son God (emphasis added):
The paradox of being simultaneously God and God’s Son is explained by the ontological relationship of Jesus with His Father.
John 8:54 (KJV)
Jesus answered, If I honour myself, my honour is nothing: it is my Father that honoureth me; of whom ye say, that he is your God:
Jesus is ‘of same nature’ with His Father because he is the only begotten of his Father.
John 1:14 (NASB)
And the Word became flesh, and [k]dwelt among us, and we saw His glory, glory as of the only begotten from the Father, full of grace and truth.
John 1:18 (NASB)
No one has seen God at any time; the only begotten God who is in the bosom of the Father, He has explained Him.
John 3:16 (NASB)
“For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life.
The Apostles call Jesus “God.”
Acts 20:28 tells us, “Be shepherds of the church of God, which he bought with his own blood.” Who bought the church with His own blood? Jesus Christ.
John 1:1 (NLT)
In the beginning the Word already existed. The Word was with God, and the Word was God.
Titus 2:13 (ISV)
As we wait for the blessed hope and glorious appearance of our great God and Savior, Jesus the Messiah.
1 John 5:20 (NASB)
And we know that the Son of God has come, and has given us understanding so that we may know Him who is true; and we are in Him who is true, in His Son Jesus Christ. This is the true God and eternal life.
John 1:18 (NASB)
No one has seen God at any time; the only begotten God who is in the bosom of the Father, He has explained Him.
2 Peter 1:1 (ESV)
Simeon Peter, a servant and apostle of Jesus Christ, To those who have obtained a faith of equal standing with ours by the righteousness of our God and Savior Jesus Christ:
Jesus claimed both to be God and to be the Son of God.
Jesus claimed that He is God.
John 10:28-33 (NIV)
28 I give them eternal life, and they shall never perish; no one will snatch them out of my hand. 29 My Father, who has given them to me, is greater than all; no one can snatch them out of my Father’s hand. 30 I and the Father are one.”
31 Again his Jewish opponents picked up stones to stone him, 32 but Jesus said to them, “I have shown you many good works from the Father. For which of these do you stone me?”
33 “We are not stoning you for any good work,” they replied, “but for blasphemy, because you, a mere man, claim to be God.”
Jesus is called ‘God’ because he is of same nature with His Father.
Colossians 2:9 (HCSB)
For the entire fullness of God’s nature dwells bodily in Christ,
Hebrews 1:3 (ESV)
He is the radiance of the glory of God and the exact imprint of his nature, and he upholds the universe by the word of his power. After making purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high,
Jesus gets an answer from His disciples that He is Son of God and acknowledges it affirmatively.
Matt. 16:15 He said to them, “But who do you say that I am?” 16:16 Simon Peter answered, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.” 16:17 And Jesus answered him, “You are blessed, Simon son of Jonah, because flesh and blood did not reveal this to you, but my Father in heaven!
John 1:49 Nathanael answered him, “Rabbi, you are the Son of God; you are the king of Israel!” 1:50 Jesus said to him, “Because I told you that I saw you under the fig tree, do you believe? You will see greater things than these.”